Tag: Materials Science

The last three days of the conference, the virtual materials design session took place. This session was specifically focused on computational materials design. Because of this focus, the attendance was rather low, mainly computational materials scientists. Apparently, this type of specialized focus on computational work is the best way not to reach the general experimental public in the same field. As a computational scientist the only way to circumvent this, is by applying for a presentation in a relevant experimental session. This requires you to make a less technical presentation, but this is not a bad thing, since it forces you to think about your results and understand them in more simple terms.

An example of such a presentation was given Dr. Ong who discussed his high-throughput ab initio setup for designing solid state electrolytes. He showed that a material (Li₁₀GeP₂S₁₂) which was thought to be a 1D conductor, actually is a 3D conductor, however, the Li-conductivity in the directions perpendicular to the 1D direction is ~100 times smaller, explaining why they were not noticed before. He also presented newly predicted materials for Li-transport, which lead to a standard experimental remark that such computational predictions mean very little, since they do not take into account temperature, and as such these structures may not be  stable. Although such remarks are “in theory” true, and are a nice example of a lack of understanding outside the computational community, in this case, the material the experimental researcher was referring to was recently synthesized and found to be stable.

On Thursday morning, I had the opportunity to present my contributed presentation. In contrast to my invited presentation, this presentation was solely focused on doped cerium dioxide. Using a three-step approach, we investigated all different contributions of the dopants to their modification of the mechanical properties of CeO₂. In the first step, we look at group IV dopants, since Ce has an oxidation state of +IV in CeO₂. Here we show that the character of the valence electrons (p or d) plays an important role with regard to stability and mechanical properties. In our second step dopants with an oxidation state different from +IV are considered, without the presence of oxygen vacancies. In this case, the same trends and behavior is observed as in the first step. In the third and last step also oxygen vacancies are included. We show that oxygen vacancies have a stabilizing influence of the doped system. Furthermore, the oxygen vacancies make CeO₂ mechanically softer, i.e. reducing the bulk modulus.

In the afternoon, Prof. Frederico Rosei, of NanoFemto lab in Canada, gave an entertaining lecture on “Mentorship for young scientists: Developing scientific survival skills”. It presented an interesting forum to find out that, as scientists, we all seem to struggle with the same things. We want to do what we like (research), and invest a lot in this, unfortunately external forces (the struggle for funding/job security) complicate life. Frederico centered his lecture around three points of importance/goals a young scientist should always try to be aware of:

• Know yourself
• Plan ahead
• Find a mentor

Although these are lofty goals, they tend to be quite none-trivial in the current-day scientific environment. Finding a mentor, i.e. a senior scientist with time on his/her hands not involved in your projects, is a bit like looking for a unicorn. Unlike the unicorn, they do exist, but there are very very few of them (How many professors do you know with spare time?). Planning ahead, and following your own plans are nice in theory, unfortunately a young scientists’ life (i.e. everyone below tenured professorship) tends to be ruled by funding in a kind of life or dead setup. I am not saying this is not the case for tenured professors, however, it is not their own life and death. For all other scientist : No funding=no job=end scientific career. As such, the pressure to publish (yes, funding agencies only count your papers, not how good/bad they are even though that is the official statement) is high, and will have a detrimental influence on the quality of science and of what is being published (if it isn’t already the case). I truly wished, the world could be as Prof. Rosei envisions it. Back to more happy subjects.

Friday was the last day of the conference. In the morning I again attended the virtual materials design session, but as with all other sessions several presentations were canceled, apparently snow is wreaking some havoc in New York airport, preventing several presenters not to be able to make it. Luckily Eva Zarkadoula made it to the conference to present her very nice modeling work: “Molecular Dynamic Simulations of Synergistic Effects in Ion Track Formation”. Using classical molecular dynamics simulations, she simulated how incoming high energy radiation traces a path trough a material allowing one to use this material as a detector. In contrast to what I would have imagined, perfectly crystalline material shows very little damage after the radiation has passed through. Even though initially a clear trace is visible, the system appear to relax back to a more or less perfect crystalline solid upon relaxation, making it a rather poor sensor material. However, if defects are present in the material, the track made by the radiation remains clearly visible. An extremely nice bonus to this work is the fact that direct comparison to experiments is possible.

The conference ended at noon, leaving some time to have a walk on the beach, find some souvenirs, and have a last dinner with colleagues from the conference.

Today I had to get to work myself, unlike the first day of the ICACC where I was only a spectator. At 8h30 I kicked of the GYIF as the first speaker in a session called “Theoretical Modeling and Applications” with my presentation: Computational Materials Science: Where Theory meets Experiment. Intended for a general audience of (expectedly mainly) experimental materials scientist this presentation was aimed to show the audience that computational materials science has in the last decades developed to the level where results relevant for real-life applications in materials science can be obtained. For this I used three examples of my own work: (1) Pt nanowires on Ge(001), where I used simulated STM to build an accurate atomistic model of these wires, (2) doped cerium oxides, where the influence of doping on lattice parameter and thermal expansion coefficients was studied for the purpose of matching them to those of other materials, and (3) Metal-Organic Frameworks, where I showed that the spin-configuration of the MIL-47(V) MOF is linked to the transition pressure inducing breathing.

Later on during the morning, I had the pleasure of chairing the session “Additive Manufacturing” together with Valerie Wiesner from NASA. During this session Mahref Vali and Lisa Rueschoff presented their most recent work on 3D printing of ceramic materials, a technique which will allow the printing of ceramic components in the future. The third speaker of this session, Rumi Kitazawa, delighted us with an inspiring talk on the “Engineering applications of Menger sponges”. A Menger sponge is a fractal related to the Cantor set, as such a fully developed Menger sponge can not be build with any real material, however, using 3D printing it is possible to build a structure with Menger sponge like features (i.e. with holes down to a certain size). By comparing experimental stress tests on such 3D-printed systems with calculations of the strain energy in such a structure, Rumi was able to show these Menger materials have a peculiar, albeit very organised, strain pattern along the main diagonal of the material. The combination of large and small pores present in these Menger sponge materials may make this behavior relevant for MOF (and other porous) materials, where the large pores reflect inter-grain pores, while the small pores are the pores of the MOF. So this is definitely a topic to remember.

Next to presentations, conferences also contain social events. Today, there were two social events; at noon there was a luncheon by the GYIF where the young investigators could mix with people from industry and senior group leaders. In the evening there was the first poster session and booth-stand where companies try to sell their services and lab equipment. Somehow, as a theoretician, I am always a bit at a loss at such events. To draw in more people, there was also a shot-glass contest. No, it was not the goal to drink as much as possible, but to build a protective structure around a shot-glass using only 15 drinking straws (no tape, wire, paper, staples,… allowed). To find the most protective structure, the shot-glass and straw constructions were dropped from various heights. Twenty four teams started at a drop height of 3 feet (~1 m), where already the first shot-glass didn’t survive the drop. Every round, the drop height was increased by 3 feet. For a drop of 20 feet (~6 m) there were only two teams remaining, including our team. Altough our glass survived its first bounce, the second bounce unfortunately broke our glass (darn). Then it was the turn of our remaining competitor, who’s shot-glass exploded into shards on first impact. Officially the result was a draw, although it is clear our construct had clearly the upper hand 😎 .

Our mixed Theoretical-Experimental “international-multi-university” research team. Left to right: me (UGhent, Belgium), Bert Conings (UHasselt, Belgium), and Chenxin Jin (Dalhousie University, Canada)
On the right hand side, you can see our construct of straws around the shot glass.

Today the 39^th International Conference  and exposition on Advanced Ceramics and Composites (ICACC) started in Daytona Beach, Florida. Here, scientist from all over the world will be discussing their latest work and findings in the field of ceramic materials during the coming week. Although my project on ceramic materials has been completed for over 2 years now, culminating in a second PhD, I was invited to present my work here. As with many of this kind of conferences, I am afraid that, as a computational materials scientist, I belong to a minority, strongly outnumbered by the experimental (materials) scientists present. This is an aspect that I will need to consider preparing my presentations.

The first morning session consisted of four plenary lectures (general overview presentations in which celebrated group leaders present the overall picture of the work done in their group and their hopes/views on the future). We started of an interesting lecture on “Thermal Barrier Coatings for Gas Turbines” by Prof. David Clarke, where we learned that, since a major part of the world wide energy production is gas based, improving gas-turbine efficiency by only 1% would produce more energy than all renewable production currently in play. This efficiency improvement can be obtained by operating the gas-turbines at higher temperatures. Unfortunately, the metal fans of such a turbine start to degrade if temperatures are too high. By coating them with materials that have a low thermal conductivity, it is possible to operate at the required high temperatures, while the metal fans experience an acceptable operating temperature which is a few hundred degrees lower. Next Prof. Sanjay Mathur from the university of Cologne presented his  groups work on the development of precursor libraries (these ideas are similar as those behind computational high-throughput projects). In precursor chemistry, where changing functional groups or doping leads to changes in the surface morphology, such libraries would then present an interesting tool for designing new materials for energy and health applications. As this apparently is a very hot topic, the fire-alarm of the conference center went into overdrive and everyone needed to be evacuated. When the conference resumed half an hour later Prof. Mathur reassured us he did not intend to fire things up like this. His presentation was followed by that of Prof. Cato Laurencin, who showed us how ceramic materials could be used in a new field he wishes to launch: “Regenerative engineering”. Here, combinations of micro- and nanostructured ceramics are used as matrices to grow and differentiate stem cells intended to heal fractured bones and cartilage. The final presentation by Prof. Kazushige Ohno discussed next generation filters for diesel particulates, which should provide us with a cleaner future.

In the afternoon the parallel symposia started, where I followed the 4^th Global Young Investigator Forum (GYIF). Here, Prof. Ricardo Castro presented an interesting method for experimentally obtaining the surface energy of nanoparticles. His quest originated from the simple observation that existing phase diagrams for bulk materials no longer hold when one is working with nano-particles. In such systems, the energy contributions due to the surface of the particle become comparable to those of the inner bulk. Interestingly, one of the example systems Prof. Castro looked into was Mn³⁺ doped CeO₂. In his work he found that the Mn was mainly located at the surface of the CeO₂ particles, something I also expected from my own work on aliovalent doped CeO₂, based on the defect formation energies of Cu and Co doping. Further presentations discussed Organometal trihalide perovskite solar cells. Although these solar cells still are rather unstable, they do show promise with regard to their efficiency.(The origin of this efficiency is unfortunately not really understood. Maybe other perovskite MOFs are more stable?)